Have you ever wondered why cancer treatment has not changed much in over 70 years?  Why is chemotherapy still the mainstay of conventional cancer treatment after all these years of disappointing results for the majority of cancer cell types.  Perhaps we should  be exploring alternatives, such as those proposed by Nicholas Gonzalez MD who spoke at the  
Robert Crayhon Boulderfest conference July 17-20 2008.  

Nicholas Gonzalez MD presented his views on the etiology of cancer and cancer treatment.  He is actively engaged in medical practice in Manhattan where he treats advanced cancer successfully with high dose oral pancreatic enzymes.  This treatment regimen is based on the trophoblastic theory of cancer originally proposed by Scottish embryologist John Beard (1858-1924), and resurrected by William Donald Kelley, DDS (1926-2005).

Section through ovum embedded in the uterine decidua. Semidiagrammatic. Above Image courtesy of wikimedia commons.

Legend for the above diagram: am. Amniotic cavity. b.c. Blood-clot. b.s. Body-stalk. ect. Embryonic ectoderm. ent. Entoderm. mes. Mesoderm. m.v. Maternal vessels. tr. Trophoblast. u.e. Uterine epithelium. u.g. Uterine glands. y.s. Yolk-sac.

Pancreatic Enzymes on Day 56

On day 56 of gestation, John Beard observed that the trophoblast cells transform from a malignant, invasive cell type into a mature well behaved cell type.  This day 56 also coincides with the appearance of enzyme granules (zymogen granules) in the fetal pancreas.  Obviously, since all nutrition comes from the maternal blood supply, the developing fetus has no need for pancreatic enzymes which are needed to digest food consumed after birth.  Beard theorized there must be an alternative function for the pancreatic enzymes.  He theorized that the appearance of pancreatic enzymes was no accident, and that the most likely explanation was that they were responsible for the transformation of the trophoblast cells behavior from "malignant" to a "benign", thereby suggesting the use of digestive enzymes to control cancer cells. 

Selective Activity of Enzymes on Cancer Cells

The selective activity of trypsin on cancer cells could be explained by the selective digestion of proteins based on isomer structure.  Cancer proteins have a right hand isomer structure, and proteins in normal tissue with left hand isomers.(link)  However, it is widely known that in cases of acute pancreatitis with release of pancreatic enzymes into the retroperitoneal space, there is obvious autodigestion of human tissue.

A number of studies in both animal models and humans have actually confirmed the utility of pancreatic enzyme for cancer treatment. (link)  An excellent review of recent research confirming John Beard's work as well as the value of enzyme treatments for cancer can be found here. A Critique of the Kelley Nutritional-Metabolic Cancer Program by Melina A. Roberts BSc. From the Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients June 2003

About the same time as John Beard's early work, Madam Curie's work treating cancer with radiation took the spotlight, and captured the imagination of the media and the public.  John Beard's work on the trophoblast theory was dismissed and forgotten. 

William Donald Kelley Resurrects John Beard's Work

Years later in the 1960's, William Kelly discovered Beard's forgotten papers, and resurrected the treatment of cancer with pancreatic enzymes.  Kelly had considerable success treating patients with this alternative cancer treatment approach.  However, Kelly was a dentist, and bitterly opposed by mainstream medicine, and as expected, had difficulties with the authorities.  Kelly was convicted of practicing medicine without a license in 1970, his dental license was suspended in 1976, and he died on Jan. 30, 2005 at the age of 79.
 
Nicholas Gonzalez' Research

In 1981, during the Kelly's early years, a medical student at Cornell Medical School by the name of Nicholas Gonzalez was given a summer project to interview William Donald Kelly and evaluate his results with cancer patients using the pancreatic enzyme treatment.   Gonzalez did a retrospective review of 1300 patients who had been treated over a 20-year period with the Kelley protocol with enzymes, diet and nutritional support.

Gonzalez was so impressed with the data, and the superior patient outcomes, that this summer project expanded into a book, and later adopted as his own life's work.
 
Left Image: William Kelly courtesy of Peter Barry Chowka

Continuing after Kelly, Nicholas Gonzalez MD carried on with his legacy at a Manhattan office, documenting remarkable success over the past decade or so.  Selected case reports from the Gonzalez Manhattan office show dramatic clinical results not possible with conventional mainstream cancer treatment.  This information is posted on the Dr Gonzalez web site. 

In 1999, Gonzalez published a 2 year pilot study of 10 patients with inoperable advanced pancreatic cancer treated with large doses of orally ingested pancreatic enzymes.  Results showed 80% survival after 1 year, 45% survival after 2 years and 36% survival after 3 years. (Gonzalez and Isaacs, 1999).  These results are far above the 25% one year,  10% two year, and 6 % three year survival reported in the National Cancer Data Base for inoperable pancreatic cancer (Niederhuber, Brennan and Menck, 1995). 

Shortly after this, Gonzalez received a $1.4 million grant from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine at the National Institutes of Health for further study on enzyme therapy and pancreatic cancer. The study was conducted at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York under the supervision of the NCI and with approval from the FDA.  The outcome of this study has not yet been published.

No Coexistence of Cancer with Circulating Enzymes of Pancreatitis

One last point I am compelled to mention.  During my 30 year career as a radiologist much of my time was spent reading images of metastatic cancer on CAT scans.  One of the things I noticed was that I never witnessed the presence of metastatic cancer in patients who had pancreatic enzymes circulating freely in the bloodstream from acute or chronic diffuse pancreatitis.  Excluded of course was focal pancreatitis caused by an obstructed pancreatic duct caused by a small pancreatic cancer.  Thus I had independently confirmed the major tenet of John Beard's work many years before I even heard of the trophoblastic theory of cancer.

NIH Grant Proposal to Study Cancer

The NIH (National Institute of Health) has spent literally trillions over four decades on failed cancer research.  It is time to take a different approach with a few proposals to investigate the trophoblast theory of cancer.
   
A widely used technique in molecular biology is the tracer study.  The older tracer method involved the use of Carbon 14 radio-labeling.  The newer method uses insertion of the green florescent protein (GFP) into the protein one wishes to study.

Carbon 14 Radio-Labeled Trypsin

The proposed study can be done by using Carbon 14 radio-labeling of key amino acids in the pancreatic enzyme, trypsin, and feeding these radio-labeled amino acids to the pigs used to harvest the trypsin for later use.  Then administer the radio-labeled trypsin enzymes to an animal model of cancer looking for the distribution of the radio-label in the sacrificed animals. If there is an effect on the cancer cells, I would expect to find the radio-labeled enzymes at the surface of the cancer cells. 

GFP Green Florescent Protein

Another more elegant approach would be to genetically modify the pancreatic trypsin enzyme in mice by adding a green florescent marker gene (GFP), a common technique used in molecular biology.  If pancreatic enzymes control the trophoblast, then the experiments should confirm the presence of the florescent marker at the trophoblast cells after day 56 in the developing embryo. 

To study cancer, the green florescent gene (GFP) can be inserted into DNA of the animals (usually pigs) used to manufacture the pancreatic enzymes.  These labeled enzymes  which can then be administered to mice pretreated with cancer cells.  The survival of the treated vs. control mice as well as the fate of the labeled enzymes would be useful to know about.  If the enzymes are having an effect on the cancer cells, then I would expect the florescent label or radio-label to be found at the tumor site.

Using the NIH to Find a Cure for Cancer

A few decades ago, Richard Nixon, declared a war against cancer and ramped up funding for NIH research which mostly went towards proving the idea that cancer was caused by a virus.  This line of research expended massive amounts of money and ended a dismal failure. 

A new and more promising direction for cancer research would be to investigate the mysteries of the trophoblast which shares so many features in common with cancer cells.  We now have the tools to peer into the molecular machinery of cells that John Beard a century ago could only imagine.  How do we get the NIH to pursue this?  Use political pressure by contacting your congressman and asking them to push the NIH to fund the research.
 
Conclusion:

Advances in molecular biology now make it fairly straightforward to validate and expand on the early work of Scottish embryologist John Beard.  The research costs for such a program would be minimal and the potential gains enormous.

Jeffrey Dach MD
4700 Sheridan Suite T
Hollywood Fl 33021
954-983-1443
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References and Links

http://www.dr-gonzalez.com/index.htm
Nicholas J. Gonzalez, M.D.
Nicholas J. Gonzalez, M.D., P.C.
Linda L. Isaacs, M.D.
36A East 36th Street, Suite 204
New York, N.Y. 10016
Phone: 212-213-3337
Fax: 212-213-3414

http://www.michaelspecter.com/ny/2001/2001_02_05_gonzalez.html
annals of medicine the outlaw doctor Cancer researchers used to call him a fraud.  What's changed? february 5, 2001 Michael Specter The New Yorker

http://www.dr-gonzalez.com/totalhealth_7b_00.htm
most of his talk from the meeting on John Beard's theories

http://www.alternative-therapies.com/at/web_pdfs/isaacs.pdf
EVALUATING ANECDOTES AND CASE REPORTS Linda L. Isaacs, MD

http://www.prevention.com/cda/article/alternative-medicine-saved-our-lives/4b8b9f9ad6914110VgnVCM10000013281eac____/health/healthy.living.centers/cancer/
Alternative Medicine Saved Our Lives How unconventional treatments paid off for 4 desperately ill womenTalk to these four women and their health care providers on our discussion forums September 4 through 30.

http://www.alternative-therapies.com/at/web_pdfs/gonzalez1.pdf
THE GONZALEZ THERAPY AND CANCER:A COLLECTION OF CASE REPORTS
Nicholas J. Gonzalez, MD; Linda L. Isaacs, MD

http://www.dr-gonzalez.com/best_cases.htm 
On July 7, 1993, at the NCI I presented 25 histories of my "best cases": patients with diagnosed, biopsy-proven cancer who enjoyed either documented regression of disease or long-term survival on their nutritional protocol. Here are three of those 25 cases:

I. F., a 68-year-old woman, underwent a left mastectomy for carcinoma in July 1987; 1 of 7 lymph nodes was found positive. She was initially treated with tamoxifen; but when a CAT scan in September 1988 showed metastatic disease in both lobes of the liver, she was started on CMF chemotherapy (Cytoxan, methotrexate, and 5-fluoracil). After 5 months of treatment, a repeat scan showed enlargement of the lesions, and chemotherapy was discontinued.

F. came to see me in June 1989 and entered the program; 11 months later, a CAT scan showed a 30 percent reduction in her liver tumors. In 1992 another scan showed a 95 percent reduction in her tumors. She continued to do well after 5 years on the program.

II. J., a 50-year-old businesswoman, underwent right breast lumpectomy for carcinoma in November 1986. J. did well until July 1989, when her physician detected a mass in her right breast. A lumpectomy documented poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a density in the right lobe of the liver; a needle biopsy confirmed carcinoma.

J. began CMF chemotherapy, but in November 1989, after completing three cycles, she refused further treatment. At that point there had been no improvement in her liver lesions. For several months she did nothing. She then learned of my work and, in April 1990, she began the program. After two years on her protocol, she felt so well that, without my knowledge, she discontinued the protocol. In July 1991 she suffered a gran mal seizure; a CAT scan revealed two brain lesions.

J. immediately resumed her full program, and showed rapid improvement in all symptoms. CAT scans of both the head and the abdomen on April 17, 1992, were completely normal and she remains well.

III. G. is a 55-year-old woman who noticed a right breast mass which her doctor diagnosed as mastitis in mid-1984. In August 1985 her right breast suddenly enlarged; a biopsy revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and inflammatory breast disease. In September 1985 G. began radiotherapy to the chest wall; in November 1985 she underwent a right modified mastectomy. The pathology report describes carcinoma in 17 of the 17 axillary nodes. After surgery G. began chemotherapy with CMF, which she continued for 2 years. However, in August 1987 a bone scan documented increased activity in the sternum, confirmed as metastases.

G. learned of my work and began her program in December 1987. Today, after six years, she follows her nutritional regimen and is in excellent health.

http://www.alternative-doctor.com/cancer/kelley.htm
 Dr. Kelley’s Do-it-Yourself Book one answer to cancer Reviewed after 32 years 1967 — 1999 By Dr. William Donald Kelley, D.D.S., M.S. 1999 THIS IS THE ENTIRE BOOK ON ONE WEB PAGE! (Keith Scott-Mumby)

http://www.alternative-doctor.com/cancer/beard.htm
John Beard's Trophoblast Cell Theory (and a mention of its modern equivalent)

1. Beard, J: "The Action of Trypsin..." Br Med J 4, 140-41, 1906.
2. Beard, J: "The Enzyme Treatment of Cancer" London: Chatto and Windus, 1911.
3. Cutfield, A: "Trypsin Treatment in Malignant Disease" Br Med J 5, 525, 1907.
4. Wiggin, FH: "Case of Multiple Fibrosarcoma Of The Tongue, With Remarks on the Use of Trypsin and Amylopsin in the Treatment of Malignant Disease" JAMA 47, 2003-08. 1906.
5. Gotze, H, Rotham SS: Enterohepatic Circulation of Digestive Enzymes As A Conservative Mechanism" Nature 257 (5527).
6. Shively, FL: "Multiple Proteolytic Enzyme Therapy Of Cancer." Dayton, Johnson-Watson, 1969.
7. Little, WL: "A Case Of Malignant Tumor, WIth Treatment." JAMA 50, 1724, 1908.
8. Kelley, WD: "One Answer To Cancer" latest update - 33,000 cancer cases over three decades. New Century Promotions 3711 Alta Loma Drive Bonita, CA 91902 800-768-8484 or 619-479-3829.

Enzymes in Cancer Studies

http://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/11561867?prt=true
Mixture of trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain reduces formation of metastases and extends survival time of C57Bl6 mice with syngeneic melanoma B16.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol.  2001; 47 Suppl:S16-22 (ISSN: 0344-5704)
Wald M ; Olejár T ; Sebková V ; Zadinová M ; Boubelík M ; Poucková P

http://www.mucos.cz/eng/onko/con_onco_com.htm
references for proteolytic enzymes

Wald M, Olejár T, Poucková P, Zadinová M. Proteinases Reduce Metastatic Dissemination and Increase Survival Time in C57BI6 Mice with the Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Life Sciences 1998a; 63(17):237-243.

Wald M, Olejár T, Poucková P, Zadinová M. The influence of proteinases on in vivo blastic transformation in rat species SD/Ipcv with spontaneous lymphoblastic leukemia. British Journal of Haematology 1998b;102 (1): 294.

Wald M, Olejár T, Sebkova V, Zadinová M, Boubelík M, Pouckova P. Mixture of trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain reduces formation of metastases and extends survival time of C57BI6 mice with syngeneic melanoma B16. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2001;47(Suppl):S16-S22.

Wald M, Poucková P, Hloušková D, Altnerová M, Olejár T. The influence of trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain on the growth of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma transplanted to nu/nu mice. The European Journal of Cancer 1999;35(4),No. 543:148.

http://users.navi.net/~rsc/beard066.htm
MEDICAL RECORD Page 1020, [June 23, 1906] Correspondence TRYPSIN AND AMYLOPSIN IN CANCER.

http://whale.to/cancer/kelley.html
Dr. William Donald Kelley, D.D.S., M.S.

http://www.cancerdecisions.com/070202.html
Part Two of the Beard Paper Centenary

http://www.outsmartyourcancer.com/pdf/ScientificArticleForSite.PDF.pdf
The Scientific Basis Behind Alternative Cancer Treatments by Tanya Harter Pierce, MA, MFCC This is the second article in a 3-part series on alternative cancer treatments. As
mentioned in part 1

http://www.cancure.org/science_paper1.htm
Trophoblasts: On the Cause of Birth And Its Relationship to Cancer Regression

http://www.holisticjunction.com/articles/2404.html
The Cure for Cancer: Theory, History and Treatment by Owen R. Fonorow

http://www.townsendletter.com/June2003/kelleycritique0603.htm
A Critique of the Kelley Nutritional-Metabolic Cancer Program by Melina A. Roberts BSc. (Hons.) University of Waterloo, 3rd year at the Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine
From the Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients June 2003

http://hungerforhealth.wordpress.com/2008/05/29/enzyme-therapy-for-cancer-prevention-and-treatment/

http://members.aol.com/pbchowka/gonzalez2002.html
One Man, Alone Dr. Nicholas Gonzalez has compelling results and a landmark grant from the National Cancer Institute. Now he just needs to convince doctors to trust him with their patients. By Peter Barry Chowka with Kathi Head, N.D. Alternative Medicine Magazine
April 2002

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=related:jNPD1mSZmHcJ:scholar.google.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophoblast
Trophoblasts are invasive, eroding, and metastasizing cells of the placenta.

Trophoblasts mediate the implantation of the embryo into the endometrium, but they are never incorporated into the mother's body or the fetus. They are not "fetal" cells.

Trophoblasts become inert during pregnancy and are completely rejected by the fetus and mother at delivery. They can be seen as the thin membrane covering the fetus at birth, the caul.[1]

http://www.cancure.org/trophoblastic_nature_of_cancer.htm
The Trophoblastic Nature of Cancer and Pregnancy Cycle as the Basis for the Enzyme Treatment of Cancer by Roger Cathey

http://www.alkalizeforhealth.net/Lstemcells.htm
Ralph W. Moss, Ph.D. Weekly CancerDecisions.com
Newsletter #81 04/26/03 Scientists Identify Stem Cells As Hidden Cause of Cancer

Al-Hajj M, et al. From the cover: prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 1;100(7):3983-8.

University newsletter:
http://www.med.umich.edu/opm/newspage/2003/tumorsc.htm

Steinberg D. Stem cell discoveries stir debate. The Scientist 2000;14:1. Accessed at
http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2000/nov/steinberg_p1_001113.html.

Thomson JL, et al.  Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 1998;282:1145-7.

Goshen R, et al. Hyaluronan, CD44 and its variant exons in human trophoblast invasion and placental angiogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod. 1996;2:685-91.

U.S. Patent No. 5,843,780, "Primate embryonic stem cells"; accessible at www.uspto.gov.

Beard J. Embryological aspects and etiology of carcinoma. Lancet 1902;1:1758.

Beard J. The Enzyme Treatment of Cancer. London: Chatto & Windus, 1911.

HCG and Cancer

Acevedo HF, et al. Detection of membrane-associated human chorionic gonadotropin and its subunits on human cultured cancer cells of the nervous system. Cancer Detect Prev. 1997;21(4):295-303.

Acevedo HF and Hartsock RJ. Metastatic phenotype correlates with high expression of membrane-associated complete beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in vivo. Cancer. 1996 Dec 1;78(11):2388-99.

Acevedo HF, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin-beta subunit gene expression in cultured human fetal and cancer cells of different types and origins. Cancer. 1995 Oct 15;76(8):1467-75.

Regelson W. Have we found the "definitive cancer biomarker"? The diagnostic and therapeutic implications of human chorionic gonadotropin-beta expression as a key to malignancy. Cancer. 1995;76:1299-301.

http://www.oasisadvancedwellness.com/health-articles/2008/06/suppression-of-alternative-cancer.html
Tuesday, June 24, 2008 The Suppression of Alternative Cancer Treatments CancerDecisions Newsletter Archives For June 22, 2008 A GREAT OPPORTUNITY LOST Ralph Moss, Ph.D

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein, composed of 238 amino acids (26.9 kDa), originally isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria/Aequorea aequorea/Aequorea forskalea that fluoresces green when exposed to blue light.

http://tsienlab.ucsd.edu/Publications/Tsien%201998%20Annu.%20Rev.%20Biochem%20-%20GFP.pdf
THE GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN by Roger Y. Tsien.  In just three years, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has vaulted from obscurity to become one of the most widely studied and exploited proteins in biochemistry and cell biology. Its amazing ability to generate a highly visible, efficiently emitting internal fluorophore is both intrinsically fascinating and tremendously valuable.  GFP has become well established as a marker of gene expression and protein targeting in intact cells and organisms. Mutagenesis and engineering of GFP into chimeric proteins are opening new vistas in physiological indicators, biosensors, and photochemical memories.

http://www.cancerimmunity.org/v7p19/071019.htm
Cancer Immunity, Vol. 7, p. 19 (6 November 2007)
Cancer is a somatic cell pregnancy. Lloyd J. Old. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/510222?rss
From Nature Reviews Cancer. Cancer/Testis Antigens, Gametogenesis and Cancer Posted 08/12/2005 Andrew J. G. Simpson; Otavia L. Caballero; Achim Jungbluth; Yao-Tseng Chen; Lloyd J. Old Nat Rev Cancer.  2005;5(8):615-625.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11934257
Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Feb;80(2):142-9.
Human placental trophoblast as an in vitro model for tumor progression.
Lala PK, Lee BP, Xu G, Chakraborty C.

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/19/9528
Immunology A Placenta-Specific Gene Ectopically Activated in Many Human Cancers Is Essentially Involved in Malignant Cell Processes. Michael Koslowski1, Ugur Sahin1, Rita Mitnacht-Kraus2, Gerhard Seitz3, Christoph Huber1 and Özlem Türeci2

http://www.cancerci.com/content/5/1/4
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1475-2867-5-4.pdf
Cancer/testis antigens and gametogenesis: a review and "brain-storming" session Martins Kalejs* and Jekaterina Erenpreisa Cancer Cell International 2005, 5:4

http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/dml048v1
Molecular circuits shared by placental and cancer cells, and their implications in the proliferative, invasive and migratory capacities of trophoblasts. C.Ferretti et al.
Human Reproduction Update Advance Access published October 26, 2006

"...it was suggested that most and perhaps all types of human tumors share six essential alterations in cell physiology that collectively dictate malignant growth:

1) self-sufficiency in Growth Signals (GS),
2) insensitivity to growth-inhibitory (antigrowth) signals,
3) evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis),
4) limitless replicative potential,
5) sustained angiogenesis and tissue invasion and metastasis.

An overview of signaling circuitries used by trophoblast cells, although simplistic, places emphasis on the many circuitries shared with those employed by cancer cells.... it is not totally surprising that normal trophoblasts and malignant cells, which may have to accomplish comparable tasks to proliferate and migrate so as to ultimately invade neighboring tissue, use, in part, similar regulatory and effector components, similar circuitries and similar mechanisms..."  quote attributed to C. Ferretti.

http://www.stopcancer.com/enzymes_wobenzym.htm
Wobenzym enzymes 1-(888) 484-8264
http:// www.wobenzym.com

http://www.oasisadvancedwellness.com/health-articles/2008/06/suppression-of-alternative-cancer.html
Tuesday, June 24, 2008 The Suppression of Alternative Cancer Treatments

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9458933
Review: analogies between trophoblastic and malignant cells. Mullen CA.Am J Reprod Immunol. 1998 Jan;39(1):41-9.

Trophoblastic and malignant cells share a number of similarities. These include a lack of major histocompatibility complex antigen expression, resistance to lysis by natural killer cells, T-helper cell-2 (TH2)-biased response, prostaglandin E production, and response to transforming growth factor beta. In addition, the analogies between trophoblastic and malignant cells extend into immunotherapy in which anti-idiotype therapy has a viable role in the prevention of pregnancy loss and the treatment of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Trophoblastic and malignant cells use a number of similar mechanisms to resist rejection by their host. By using similar strategies these cells are able to successfully co-exist in an immunologically hostile environment.

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